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What Causes Multiple Myeloma?

Writer's picture: Polygon Health TeamPolygon Health Team

Updated: Oct 27, 2024



Multiple myeloma is a rare type of blood cancer that most people do not know the cause of. It's still widely unclear what the cause for multiple myeloma is, but there are a few ideas. These cells play a critical role in our immune system by producing antibodies that help fight infections.

what causes multiple myeloma

Every year, about 35,780 people are diagnosed with multiple myeloma each year in the United States. One of the first questions, is what caused multiple myeloma? Right now, no one knows for sure, but there are some ideas we have identified. On Patient Connect, a platform that allows patients to share their story, people often write what they think causes multiple myeloma, and if you have multiple myeloma (or are a caregiver) you can add your own views too.


Let's start with the basics. In multiple myeloma, plasma cells become abnormal and multiply uncontrollably, leading to weakened bones, impaired immune function, and damage to various organs like the kidneys. The really big unanswered question is what causes multiple myeloma. The current answer is complex, and is closest to no single factor directly responsible for the disease. However, many research papers point to some combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that increase the risk of developing this condition.


In this comprehensive post, we’ll dive into the causes of multiple myeloma, explore some of the key risk factors for patients, and discuss some prevention strategies -- thought as you will note on our Patient Podcast, we don't . Understanding the root causes and early risk factors is crucial, especially for those at higher risk, as early detection and intervention can significantly improve outcomes.


Understanding Multiple Myeloma


Before diving into the causes, it's important to understand what multiple myeloma is and how it develops in the body. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found in bone marrow. These abnormal plasma cells crowd out healthy cells and produce an excess of a protein called monoclonal protein, or M protein, which can lead to various complications like kidney failure, anemia, and weakened bones.

Unlike other cancers, multiple myeloma tends to develop slowly over time. Patients may not exhibit symptoms in the early stages, which makes early detection particularly challenging. Symptoms like bone pain, frequent infections, and fatigue usually become more apparent as the disease progresses.


What Causes Multiple Myeloma? Some possible causes:


To be clear: scientists and doctors do not know exactly what causes multiple myeloma. However, multiple myeloma is believed to result from a combination of genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and lifestyle-related risks. Here’s a closer look at these key factors:


We started a podcast where people with multiple myeloma share their story.


1. Genetic Predisposition


One of the most significant risk factors for multiple myeloma is genetic predisposition. While multiple myeloma is not typically considered a hereditary disease, research shows that people with a close relative (such as a parent or sibling) who has had multiple myeloma are at a higher risk of developing it themselves. Certain inherited genetic mutations, such as those in specific immune-regulating genes, can increase susceptibility to this form of cancer.

Additionally, chromosomal abnormalities within plasma cells are commonly seen in patients with multiple myeloma. These abnormalities, including deletions or translocations of specific chromosomes, contribute to the abnormal growth and function of plasma cells. Watch Laura and Renee's story where they talk about genetic / blood cancer running in the family.


2. Environmental Exposures


Certain environmental exposures have been linked to an increased risk of developing multiple myeloma. Some of these include:


  • Radiation Exposure: Individuals who have been exposed to high levels of radiation, such as atomic bomb survivors or those who have undergone radiation therapy, may have a higher risk of developing multiple myeloma.


  • Toxins and Chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as benzene (found in petroleum products) and agricultural chemicals, has been associated with a greater likelihood of developing multiple myeloma. Those who work in industries that involve regular contact with these substances, such as agriculture, rubber manufacturing, or chemical production, may be more vulnerable. Watch Ismaels story where he talks about this.


3. Age and Gender


Multiple myeloma is more common in older adults, with most cases diagnosed in individuals over the age of 65. But that doesn't mean there aren't young people with myeloma. In fact, we interviewed Gemma who shares more about younger people with mm. As we age, our immune system becomes less effective at identifying and destroying abnormal cells, which may contribute to the development of multiple myeloma.

Men are slightly more likely than women to develop multiple myeloma, though the reasons for this gender difference remain unclear. Some researchers believe it could be related to hormonal differences, though this theory is still under investigation.


4. Race and Ethnicity


Interestingly, multiple myeloma is significantly more common in people of African descent than in people of European or Asian descent. African Americans are more than twice as likely to develop multiple myeloma compared to white Americans, though the reasons for this racial disparity remain unclear. Genetic factors, environmental differences, and socioeconomic status are all being explored as potential contributors to this disparity.


5. Obesity and Diet


A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity may play a role in the development of multiple myeloma. Excess body weight has been linked to a higher risk of many types of cancers, including multiple myeloma. This is thought to be due to chronic inflammation, changes in hormone levels, and immune system dysfunction associated with obesity.

Additionally, a diet high in processed foods and low in antioxidants may contribute to the overall risk. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins is crucial in maintaining a healthy immune system, which plays a key role in protecting the body from abnormal cell growth.


6. Other Plasma Cell Disorders


Individuals with certain pre-existing plasma cell disorders are at increased risk of developing multiple myeloma. These include:

  • Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS): MGUS is a condition where abnormal plasma cells produce M proteins, but not at a level high enough to cause damage. While MGUS itself is not cancerous, about 1% of people with MGUS will develop multiple myeloma each year.


  • Solitary Plasmacytoma: This is a condition where a single tumor made up of abnormal plasma cells forms in a bone or soft tissue. Although solitary plasmacytoma can often be treated successfully, it increases the risk of developing multiple myeloma in the future.


Early Warning Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma


Because multiple myeloma develops slowly, recognizing the early warning signs is critical for timely diagnosis and treatment. Early symptoms can be subtle and often mistaken for other conditions, which is why regular check-ups and vigilance are important, especially for individuals with known risk factors. Some early warning signs include:

  • Bone Pain: One of the hallmark symptoms of multiple myeloma is bone pain, particularly in the spine, ribs, or hips.

  • Frequent Infections: Since abnormal plasma cells interfere with the body’s immune function, frequent infections may occur.

  • Fatigue: Anemia, or a lack of red blood cells, often leads to chronic fatigue.

  • Kidney Problems: The excess M proteins produced by cancerous plasma cells can damage the kidneys, leading to problems like kidney failure or other renal issues.

  • High Calcium Levels: Myeloma cells can cause the bones to break down, releasing calcium into the bloodstream and leading to hypercalcemia, which causes nausea, confusion, and constipation.


Prevention and Reducing Risk


While there is no surefire way to prevent multiple myeloma, several strategies may reduce the risk of developing this condition:

  1. Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is a modifiable risk factor for multiple myeloma. By maintaining a healthy weight through a balanced diet and regular exercise, individuals can lower their risk.

  2. Minimize Exposure to Harmful Chemicals: Those working in industries with chemical exposure should take steps to minimize contact with known carcinogens like benzene and other toxic chemicals.

  3. Stay Informed About MGUS: Individuals diagnosed with MGUS should work closely with their healthcare provider to monitor their condition, as early intervention may help slow the progression to multiple myeloma.

  4. Limit Radiation Exposure: While radiation exposure is a known risk factor, unnecessary medical radiation should be avoided when possible, especially in high doses.

  5. Consider Genetic Counseling: For those with a family history of multiple myeloma or related cancers, genetic counseling may help assess individual risk and guide monitoring efforts.


Conclusion: Understanding Risk and Prevention


Although the exact causes of multiple myeloma are not fully understood, it’s clear that a combination of genetic predispositions, environmental exposures, and lifestyle factors play a role in the development of this disease. For individuals at higher risk, such as those with MGUS or a family history of the disease, early monitoring and proactive health strategies may improve outcomes.


More research is needed to fully uncover the precise mechanisms that trigger multiple myeloma, but by staying informed and taking preventive measures, individuals can take control of their health and potentially reduce their risk of developing this rare form of cancer. Go to Patient Connect and share your story and what you think causes multiple myeloma If you or a loved one are concerned about multiple myeloma, consult with a healthcare professional to discuss risk factors, screening options, and next steps.


If you found this blog interesting, check out the rest of our blogs here.


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1 commento


Ron orem
Ron orem
26 ott 2024

Exposure to toxic chemicals must play quite a big role in my opinion

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